Led display digital Voltmeter
front side |
General Description
This is an easy to build, but nevertheless very accurate and useful digital
voltmeter. It has been designed as a panel meter and can be used in DC power
supplies or anywhere else it is necessary to have an accurate indication of the
voltage present. The circuit employs the ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter)
I.C. CL7107 made by INTERSIL. This IC incorporates in a 40 pin case all the
circuitry necessary to convert an analogue signal to digital and can drive a
series of four seven segment LED displays directly. The circuits built into the
IC are an analogue to digital converter, a comparator, a clock, a decoder and a
seven segment LED display driver. The circuit as it is described here can
display any DC voltage in the range of 0-1999 Volts.
Technical Specifications - Characteristics
Supply Voltage: ............. +/- 5 V (Symmetrical)
Power requirements: ..... 200 mA (maximum)
Measuring range: .......... +/- 0-1,999 VDC in four ranges
Accuracy: ....................... 0.1 %
FEATURES
- Small size
- Easy construction
- Low cost.
- Simple adjustment.
- Easy to read from a distance.
- Few external components.
How it Works
In order to understand the principle of operation of the circuit it is necessary
to explain how the ADC IC works. This IC has the following very important
features:
- Great accuracy.
- It is not affected by noise.
- No need for a sample and hold circuit.
- It has a built-in clock.
- It has no need for high accuracy external components.
Schematic (fixed 22-2-04)
7-segment display pinout MAN6960
An Analogue to Digital Converter, (ADC from now on) is better known as a dual
slope converter or integrating converter. This type of converter is generally
preferred over other types as it offers accuracy, simplicity in design and a
relative indifference to noise which makes it very reliable. The operation of
the circuit is better understood if it is described in two stages. During the
first stage and for a given period the input voltage is integrated, and in the
output of the integrator at the end of this period, there is a voltage which is
directly proportional to the input voltage. At the end of the preset period the
integrator is fed with an internal reference voltage and the output of the
circuit is gradually reduced until it reaches the level of the zero reference
voltage. This second phase is known as the negative slope period and its
duration depends on the output of the integrator in the first period. As the
duration of the first operation is fixed and the length of the second is
variable it is possible to compare the two and this way the input voltage is in
fact compared to the internal reference voltage and the result is coded and is
send to the display.
All this sounds quite easy but it is in fact a series of very complex operations
which are all made by the ADC IC with the help of a few external components
which are used to configure the circuit for the job. In detail the circuit works
as follows. The voltage to be measured is applied across points 1 and 2 of the
circuit and through the circuit R3, R4 and C4 is finally applied to pins 30 and
31 of the IC. These are the input of the IC as you can see from its diagram. (IN
HIGH & IN LOW respectively). The resistor R1 together with C1 are used to set
the frequency of the internal oscillator (clock) which is set at about 48 Hz. At
this clock rate there are about three different readings per second. The
capacitor C2 which is connected between pins 33 and 34 of the IC has been
selected to compensate for the error caused by the internal reference voltage
and also keeps the display steady. The capacitor C3 and the resistor R5 are
together the circuit that does the integration of the input voltage and at the
same time prevent any division of the input voltage making the circuit faster
and more reliable as the possibility of error is greatly reduced. The capacitor
C5 forces the instrument to display zero when there is no voltage at its input.
The resistor R2 together with P1 are used to adjust the instrument during set-up
so that it displays zero when the input is zero. The resistor R6 controls the
current that is allowed to flow through the displays so that there is sufficient
brightness with out damaging them. The IC as we have already mentioned above is
capable to drive four common anode LED displays. The three rightmost displays
are connected so that they can display all the numbers from 0 to 9 while the
first from the left can only display the number 1 and when the voltage is
negative the «-« sign. The whole circuit operates from a symmetrical ρ 5 VDC
supply which is applied at pins 1 (+5 V), 21 (0 V) and 26 (-5 V) of the IC.
Construction
First of all let us consider a few basics in building electronic circuits on a
printed circuit board. The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with
a thin layer of conductive copper that is shaped in such a way as to form the
necessary conductors between the various components of the circuit. The use of a
properly designed printed circuit board is very desirable as it speeds
construction up considerably and reduces the possibility of making errors. To
protect the board during storage from oxidation and assure it gets to you in
perfect condition the copper is tinned during manufacturing and covered with a
special varnish that protects it from getting oxidised and also makes soldering
easier.
Soldering the components to the board is the only way to build your circuit and
from the way you do it depends greatly your success or failure. This work is not
very difficult and if you stick to a few rules you should have no problems. The
soldering iron that you use must be light and its power should not exceed the 25
Watts. The tip should be fine and must be kept clean at all times. For this
purpose come very handy specially made sponges that are kept wet and from time
to time you can wipe the hot tip on them to remove all the residues that tend to
accumulate on it.
DO NOT file or sandpaper a dirty or worn out tip. If the tip cannot be cleaned,
replace it. There are many different types of solder in the market and you
should choose a good quality one that contains the necessary flux in its core,
to assure a perfect joint every time.
DO NOT use soldering flux apart from that which is already included in your
solder. Too much flux can cause many problems and is one of the main causes of
circuit malfunction. If nevertheless you have to use extra flux, as it is the
case when you have to tin copper wires, clean it very thoroughly after you
finish your work.
In order to solder a component correctly you should do the following:
- Clean the component leads with a small piece of emery paper.
- Bend them at the correct distance from the component’s body and insert the
component in its place on the board.
- You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that
are too thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board. In this case use a mini
drill to enlarge the holes slightly. Do not make the holes too large as this is
going to make soldering difficult afterwards.
Parts placement
PCB dimensions: 77,6mm x 44,18mm or scale it at 35%
- Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the
end of the solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The
iron tip must touch the lead slightly above the p.c. board.
- When the solder starts to melt and flow wait till it covers evenly the area
around the hole and the flux boils and gets out from underneath the solder. The
whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the iron and allow
the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or moving the component. If
everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright
metallic finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and
the board track. If the solder looks dull, cracked, or has the shape of a blob
then you have made a dry joint and you should remove the solder (with a pump, or
a solder wick) and redo it.
- Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the
board and break them.
- When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the
lead from the component side of the board with a pair of long-nose pliers to
divert any heat that could possibly damage the component.
- Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are
running the risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if
they are very close together.
- When you finish your work, cut off the excess of the component leads and clean
the board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that
may still remain on it.
As it is recommended start working by identifying the components and separating
them in groups. There are two points in the construction of this project that
you should observe:
First of all the display IC’s are placed from the copper side of the board and
second the jumper connection which is marked by a dashed line on the component
side at the same place where the displays are located is not a single jumper but
it should be changed according to the use of the instrument. This jumper is used
to control the decimal point of the display.
If you are going to use the instrument for only one range you can make the
jumper connection between the rightmost hole on the board and the one
corresponding to the desired position for the decimal point for your particular
application. If you are planning to use the voltmeter in different ranges you
should use a single pole three position switch to shift the decimal point to the
correct place for the range of measurement selected. (This switch could
preferably be combined with the switch that is used to actually change the
sensitivity of the instrument).
Apart from this consideration, and the fact that the small size of the board and
the great number of joints on it which calls for a very fine tipped soldering
iron, the construction of the project is very straightforward.
Insert the IC socket and solder it in place, solder the pins, continue with the
resistors the capacitors and the multi-turn trimmer P1. Turn the board over and
very carefully solder the display IC’s from the copper side of the board.
Remember to inspect the joints of the base of the IC as one row will be covered
by the displays and will be impossible to see any mistake that you may have made
after you have soldered the displays into place.
The value of R3 controls in fact the range of measurement of the voltmeter and
if you provide for some means to switch different resistors in its place you can
use the instrument over a range of voltages.
For the replacement resistors follow the table below:
0 - 2 V ............ R3 = 0 ohm 1%
0 - 20 V ........... R3 = 120 Kohm 1%
0 - 200 V .......... R3 = 12 Kohm 1%
0 - 2000 V ......... R3 = 1.2 Kohm 1%
When you have finished all the soldering on the board and you are sure that
everything is OK you can insert the IC in its place. The IC is CMOS and is very
sensitive to static electricity. It comes wrapped in aluminium foil to protect
it from static discharges and it should be handled with great care to avoid
damaging it. Try to avoid touching its pins with your hands and keep the circuit
and your body at ground potential when you insert it in its place.
Connect the circuit to a suitable power supply ρ 5 VDC and turn the supply on.
The displays should light immediately and should form a number. Short circuit
the input (0 V) and adjust the trimmer P1 until the display indicates exactly
«0».
Parts List | |
R1 = 180k | P1 = 20k trimmer multi turn |
R2 = 22k | U1 = ICL 7107 |
R3 = 12k | LD1,2,3,4 = MAN 6960 common anode led displays |
R4 = 1M | |
R5 = 470k | |
R6 = 560 Ohm | |
C1 = 100pF | |
C2, C6, C7 = 100nF | |
C3 = 47nF | |
C4 = 10nF | |
C5 = 220nF |
If it does not work
Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges across adjacent tracks or
soldering flux residues that usually cause problems.
Check again all the external connections to and from the circuit to see if there
is a mistake there.
- See that there are no components missing or inserted in the wrong places.
- Make sure that all the polarised components have been soldered the right way
round. - Make sure the supply has the correct voltage and is connected the right
way round to your circuit.
- Check your project for faulty or damaged components.
Sample Power supply 1 | Sample Power Supply 2 |
|
Also check
the conversation about this project at the community. Post you questions here.
Title: Led display digital Voltmeter
electronic circuit
Source: Smart Kit
Published on: 2005-02-10
Reads: 5680
Print version:
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